CAPM Practice: Demonstrate an understanding of common problem-solving tools and techniques

A fundamental statistical principle is that correlation does not equal causation. The scatter diagram shows that more review hours and more bugs found tend to occur together, but this doesn't prove that review hours cause bug discovery. Both could be related to a third factor (e.g., code complexity). Further analysis is needed to establish causation.

**Why not A:** A strong positive correlation does not prove causation. Correlation shows that two variables tend to move together, but it does not establish that one causes the other. There may be confounding factors or a third variable driving both.

**Why not C:** The conclusion is not invalid specifically because of sample size. While sample size matters for statistical significance, the fundamental error here is assuming causation from correlation, regardless of how many data points were collected.

**Why not D:** Scatter diagrams are applicable to any type of quantitative data, including software quality metrics. There is no restriction on using scatter diagrams for software-related measurements — the tool is industry-agnostic.